Ensures that the battery pack operates safely and reliably.
Prevents battery from operating outside of the safe operating area, calculate/reporting secondary data
Within the BMS, algorithms are run to generate accurate estimations of outputs, based on inputs
Redirects the recovered energy into battery pack
In EV’s, some noticeable amount of energy stored in the batteryis not shown at the dashboard, since it is reserved for hybrid operations
Ex: for the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (all versions/years of production), 0% of the state of charge presented to the driver is a real 20-22% of charge level
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consists of measurement sensors, controllers, serial communication, and computation hardware with software algorithms such as Proportion Integral Derivative (PID) and adaptive control laws, Kalman filters estimator (RESEARCH ALL THIS MORE) to calculate SOC and SOH
Great research on Li-ion BMS, read this later when you get more time
Other Ways to Calculate SOC
Measure the temperature of the electrolyte
If the battery has not been charged/discharged within the last four hours, the ambient or surrounding air temperature can be used
Measure the open-circuit voltage (RESEARCH THIS MORE), then use a reference to determine SOC
Car and Deep Cycle Battery Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Section 4 (jgdarden.com)
Car and Deep Cycle Battery Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Section 4 (jgdarden.com)
Check this for distinction: Car and Deep Cycle Battery Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Section 4 (jgdarden.com)
Interpolation may be required.
Cell Configurations to Chargers
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Consist of a balance connector that connects to each cell of the pack
Each cell is also connected to:
Two transistors
DW01A (Microsoft Word - DW01A-DS-10_EN.doc (escooter.org.ua)), which protects each cell from overcharge/discharge/current (below is a typical application circuit from DS)
Note the parasitic diode (RESEARCH THIS MORE) at M1. Even when M1 is off, charging is still possible due to this, since current flows from BATT- to BATT+ while charging. Conversely, if M2 is off discharging is possible due to M2’s diode, since current flows from BATT+ to BATT-
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Each cell is also connected to a BB3A (HY2213 Datasheet 範本 (hycontek.com)), for charge balance control (to ensure that each cell is charged to the same maximum voltage). Below is an example circuit of a cell (N-MOSFET)
When the battery voltage exceeds the overcharge detection voltage, the OUT pin outputs the logic HIGH to discharge the battery through the resistor. When the battery voltage dips below the overcharge release voltage (VCR), the OUT pin outputs logic LOW to turn off the N-MOSFET.
Near the battery pack are 6 Power N-MOSFET’s (N-channel 75V - 0.0095 - 80A - TO-220 - TO-220FP - D2PAK STripFET™ II Power MOSFET (digikey.com))
(Diagram at https://youtu.be/rT-1gvkFj60?t=313 )
When input current exceeds BMS lmit (calculated using voltage and shunt resistor), the certain voltage level activates a passive component network (RESEARCH THIS MORE), and turn off the MOSFET
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