https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/54ec/8bdc1bf0d2d59d4555ca9f02b0bf6d67e9c9.pdf
https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/HOOU/AircraftDesign_9_EmpennageGeneralDesign.pdf
Basics of RC Model Aircraft Design by Andy Lennon
Aircraft Design Conceptual Approach by Raymer
Initial Design Guidelines
Elevator & Rudder
Generally begin at the side of the fuselage and extend to the tip or 90% of the tail span
Width is typically 25 - 50% of the tail chord
Control surfaces are usually tapered by same ratio as the wing or tail surface
For the elevator
hinge line perpendicular to fuselage centerline for manually-controlled aircraft
allows connecting left and right elevators
Mass Balancing
mass balancing required to greatly reduce fluttering tendencies of control surfaces about their hinge
balance weight should be located as far forward as possible to minimize weight
may be mounted to the boom attached to control surface
Aerodynamic balance
portion of the control surface in-front of the hinge line as shown below
lessens the force required to deflect the surface & reduces flutter tendencies
Notched balance not recommended for high-speed flight
Hinge axis SHOULD NOT be farther than ~20% of the avg chord of the control surface
Aileron Design
Recommended dimensions from Basics of RC Model book
35 - 40% of semi-wing span
Width typically 15-25% of the wing chord
Mathematical analysis
Derived equations for evaluating aileron parameters exist and are summarized below. In summary, there are standards for roll rates in the aerospace industry. I.e. 30 degrees in 1.3s. This model predicts how long it takes for an aircraft to roll to the specified angle, and compares it with the requirement to determine whether the aileron dimensions are sufficient.
Source: Chapter 12. Desig of Control Surfaces (Aileron).pdf (us.es)
Key design parameters for an aileron are as follows:
Aileron planform area (S_A)
Aileron chord/span ratio (C_A/b_A)
Maximum up and down deflection (delta_A)
Location of inner edge of aileron along the wing span (b_ai), location of the outer edge (b_ao)
Typical values:
Sa/S = 0.05 - 0.1, ba/b = 0.2-0.3, C_a/C = 0.15 - 0.25, b_ai/b = 0.6-0.8, delta_Amax = +/- 30 deg (some sources say 25 max is good enough to prevent stall)
Important aspects of aileron design:
Aerodynamic moments about the aileron hinge that must be overcome, same as hinge moments. When an aileron is deflected, air exerts pressure on the aileron surface, resulting in a moment about the hinge.
Aileron effectiveness depends on how well the aileron deflection can produce the desired rolling moment
Easier to use the rear wing spar as the hinge
Summary of steps:
Layout design requirements:
Roll control requirements, critical flight phase for roll control, research standards i.e. time required for aircraft to roll from initial bank angle to a specific angle
Select inboard and outboard positions of the aileron. Determine b_ai/b, b_ao/b, and C_a/C.
Determine aileron effectiveness parameter tau_a.
Determine I_xx (moment of inertia about the roll axis, estimate since not everything is finalized)
Performing calculations:
Calculate aileron rolling moment coefficient derivative (C_l-delta-A). Use the following equation:
C_r = root chord. yo = outboard distance from fuselage, yi = inboard distance from fuselage, S = wing planform area, b = wing span
C_L_alpha_w = wing sectional lift curve slope - assumed to be in the constant region, therefore, the aileron sectional lift curve slope is also the same…
Calculate tau using the graph above. Tau(Ca/C)
Select maximum aileron deflection (delta_Amax). Typ +/- 25 degrees.
Calculate rolling moment coefficient (C_l) when aileron is deflected with max. deflection using
Calculate aircraft rolling moment (L_A) for maximum aileron deflection using
Determine steady-state roll rate (P_ss) using
Calculate the bank angle at which aircraft achieves steady state roll rate.
Calculate the rate of change of roll rate (before steady state is reached)
If phi_1 > phi_req (aka the total desired bank angle) determine time to reach phi_req using the formula
If phi_1 < phi_req, use the eqns below to solve t2
Compare t_2 with t_req. Minimum difference must not exceed 10%. If this isn’t the case, choose different aileron params and repeat the calculations.
Workflow diagram
