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Competition Year
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2023-2024 Aerial Evolution of Canada Student Competition
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Team
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Waterloo Aerial Robotics Group
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Lead Architect
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Status
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| Status | ||
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Last date updated
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- draft
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On this page
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| Table of Contents | ||||
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Summary
This page describes the top-level view of the 2024 competition airframe, and contains references to sub-pages with implementation specific details. This page will be finalized as of Nov 6, 2024. Any changes after that point must follow the formal RFC process. Ping Anni for more details.
| Note |
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Please make your RFC using the following link: tbd |
🍞 Acronyms & Links
[The Drone] - The drone as a whole, including electronic components and integrated software systems.
[(the) Airframe] - Fuselage, wings, control surfaces, & mechanical components used to connect them
[IMU] - Inertial Measurement Unit
[GPS] - Global Positioning System (device to capture GPS data)
[ESC] - Electronic Speed Controller, Motor Controller
[GS] - Groundstation
[Tracking Antenna][Antenna Tower][Tracking Tower] - all tracking antenna systems.
[T_Telem] - telemetry tracking tower
[T_VRX] - video receive tracking tower
[GSPC] - groundstation PC
[GS_SW] - groundstation software
[GUI] - groundstation gui (software gui for user).
[OSD] - on screen display (attitude information overlayed over video feed
[MUX] - Video Mux
[rfd900x] - RFDesign RFD900x Modem (singular)https://uwarg-docs.atlassian.net/l/cp/LPn8hwCv
[Competition Design Outline] [CDO]Competition Design Outline
[Competition Requirements] [CR]Competition Requirements
[VN-300] [VectorNav VN-300] 2023-03-26 - VN-300 Rugged Harness
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How to use RFD900X: https://uwarg-docs.atlassian.net/l/cp/LPn8hwCv
[UART] UART
[CV Search] Search for Landing Pad
[DSHOT] D-Shot Protocol
[SBUS] SBUS Protocol
[CAN]
🖇️ WARG Standards
| Info |
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To future users: Please try and include a VERSION of a document (e.g. “CAD Guidelines V. 17”) |
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List of mechanical-maintained standards:
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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List of electrical-maintained standards:
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List of jointly maintined standards from embedded flight software & autonomy |
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📐 Architecture
This is the top-level document for the 2023-2024 AEAC competition aircraft “Pegasus”. These documents describe the purpose, function, and decisions made relevant to the design and use of the remotely piloted aircraft. It has been divided into sub-sections (in no particular order) which hope to offer a global overview of the design and implementation of all systems, as well as how they interface with each other.
If you are editing this document, please do your best to add in the changes made into the changelog and ID the version that you are on.
BOM
This lists all of the components that constitute the configuration of a drone that we wish to fly at competition in May 2024. Some parts may be listed as “Optional” (🔍), in which case they will bethey are not strictly necessary for flight but may be useful in improving system performance.
Here, “Quantity” refers to the number which is needed for a functional drone.
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Mechanical Bits
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Propulsion
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Propellers
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T-Motor
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MF2211
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4 Indiv
2 CW
2 CCW
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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May be reasonable replaced with other props of similar size/pitch |
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Motors
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T-Motor
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Antigravity MN6007II
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4 Indiv
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See Motor Selection Subpage
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ESC
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Advanced Power Drives [APD]
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120F3[X]v2
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4
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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This can reasonably be replaced by any 12S capable ESC that is able to support BI-directional dshot and > 50A continuous |
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Power Distribution
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Batteries
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Turnigy
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Heavy Duty 5000mAh 6s 60C LiPo Pack w/XT90
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4-6
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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Could be reasonably replaced with Li-Ion packs which are properly specced or with similar sized Li-Po packs. |
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PDB
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Advanced Power Drives [APD]
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PDB500[X]
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1
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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Could reasonably be replaced with any 12S capable PDB, or with a wire harness. |
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Power Monitor
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Holybro
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Holybro PM02D High Voltage
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1
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BEC
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Mateksys
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BEC12s-Pro
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1-2
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
The number of BEC uses depends on the number of subsystems that need voltage isolation which are present |
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Flight Control System
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Autopilot
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Holybro
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Pixhawk 5/6x + SD Card (logging)
https://holybro.com/products/pixhawk-5x?variant=40842119839933
https://holybro.com/collections/autopilot-flight-controllers/products/pixhawk-6x
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1
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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The autopilot standard gets revised every so often. The 6x is significantly improved from the 5x, and we recommend it for the competition drone. |
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|---|---|---|
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Note that the “Cube” standard has multiple internal sensors, some of which we may list externally for redundancy or performance reasons! |
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GPS
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Holybro
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Holybro M9/10N GPS
https://holybro.com/collections/standard-gps-module/products/m9n-gps
https://holybro.com/collections/standard-gps-module/products/m10-gps
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1 Prim
1 Sec
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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The M10 is newer & cheaper. We have a lot of M9’s but again, newer GPS’s are better. |
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You’ll notice that you have an option for “Primary” and “Secondary” on the GPS’s. This refers to the wiring of the “Switch” on the gps and the termination of the GPS. With the pixhawk baseboard standard, most systems accept 1 primary GPS and 1 secondary GPS. |
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Unknown
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Future RTK system
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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RTK gives more precision, which is always useful when we’re trying to have very precise position hold |
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Rangefinder 🔍
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Benewake
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TFMINI-S Micro LIDAR Module I2C
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1+
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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Using a rangefinder is not strictly necessary for any flight mode but greatly improves the accuracy of auto-landing and stability of the drone when hovering close to ground level. |
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Using (1) rangefinder is the minimum for the system to function, but it is possible to use multiple rangefinders to get better data or to offer horizontal or vertical object detection. |
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There are many different rangefinders available. Lidar typically reports least noise and is more accurate over a wider range of circumstances |
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Optical Flow Sensor (OFS) 🔍
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CubePilot
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HereFlow
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1
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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The drone will fly in all modes without the OFS, but it greatly improves position hold at altitude. |
| Expand | ||
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ATM, there are multiple supported alternatives but please ensure they function at the same range |
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Compass 📉
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Barometer 📉
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Jetson TX2
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Raspberry Pi
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RF + Peripherals (grouped because it’s small bits of things)
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Control Link
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TBD
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ELRS Diversity RX
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1
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1 of either
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WARG
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ELRS Gemini
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1
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Telemetry Link
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1
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1 of Either
Potentially double up 4 redundancy
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Abra Electronics
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LTE Hat
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RF Design
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RFD900x
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Video Transmitter
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Mateksys
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VTX 1G3SE
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1 of
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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Most 1.3GHz VTX’s are no longer available due to current political conflicts. |
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Foxeer
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1.2G 5W (Enhanced) 4ch
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FPV Cameras
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Caddx
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Baby Ratel 2
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2
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OSD
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Holybro
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Holybro Micro OSD V2
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1
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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Please be careful |
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Video Mux
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Lumenier
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3-Way Multi Camera Video Switcher Board
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1
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Lighting 🔍
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-
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-
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NAVLights
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-
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-
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Landing Lights
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CV Camera
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Hupuu
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200$ CV Camera
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Groundside
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Part Function
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Manufacturer
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Part Name & Link
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Qty
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Notes
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Groundstation Laptop
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Lenovo
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Thinkpad T490?
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1
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1.3G Video RX
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ReadyMade RC
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900-1.3 GHz Receiver w/Tuner
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1
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5.8G Video TX
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AKK
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TS832 5.8 GHz VTX
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1
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RC Control Link
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WARG
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ELRS Gemini
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1
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PREF GEMINI WHEN POSSIBLE
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RadioMaster
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RadioMaster Ranger FCC
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1
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Telemetry Link
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WARG
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ELRS Gemini
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1
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RFDesign
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RFD900x
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1
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❓
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LTE Hotspot
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1
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No manufacturer
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Telemetry Relay
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Xbee
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XBEE Pro 5.8
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2
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ELRS
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ELRS Airport
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FPV Goggles
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-
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Pilot Preference
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RC Controller
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RadioMaster
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TX16s MkII ELRS Mode 2 HALL
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2
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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The blue controller has an INTERNAL elrs rx hooked up to aux trainer so that wireless trainer may be used. |
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Video Monitor
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-
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Generic 5.8 GHz Receiver
List of user manuals & references
We maintain an active list of PDF revisions of user manuals, datasheets, and spec reference parts in the event that an externally hosted server goes down or a manufacturer discontinues a part.
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Anni still needs to do this! |
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| title | Propulsion System |
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etc….
Pegasus Overview
Pegasus is a “heavy-lift” quadcopter designed to serve as a generic quad-rotor platform for AEAC 2024 as well as future competitions. It features standard mounting grids across the entire frame, as well as modular landing gear and easy disassembly of all components for transport or repair.
Change Log
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Competition | 2023-2024 Aerial Evolution of Canada Student Competition | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Team | Waterloo Aerial Robotics Group | ||||||
Technical Director | |||||||
Version | Document Version
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On this page |
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📐 Architecture
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Scope
This is the top-level document for the 2023-2024 AEAC competition aircraft “Pegasus”. These documents describe the purpose, function, and decisions made relevant to the design and use of the remotely piloted aircraft. It has been divided into sub-sections (in no particular order) which hope to offer a global overview of the design and implementation of all systems, as well as how they interface with each other.
Ultimately, this document serves as a “reference manual” for Pegasus, and should contain necessary information for the usage and support/maintenance of Pegasus. Justifications for design decisions and background knowledge should be provided as references, external links, or as subpages. This document seeks to state how the Pegasus system works, and not necessarily why it was chosen to work in that way.
Updates
If you are editing this document, please remember to update the changelog and modify the version ID (found in the table at the top of the page).
This document will be considered controlled from October 1st onwards. Any changes after that point must follow the formal RFC process. Ping Anthony Luo for more details.
| Note |
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Please make your RFC using the following link: 2024 Request(s) for Change(s) |
Supporting Document
🗂 References and documentation
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🖇️ Standards
| Info |
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Standards section should only include standards that this system is abiding by and exclude other standards that aren’t relevant or necessary. |
| Info |
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Please try and include a version of a the standard you’re referencing (e.g. “CAD Guidelines V. 17”). |
| Expand | ||
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List of mechanical-maintained standards:
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| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
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List of electrical-maintained standards:
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List of autonomy-maintained standards:
List of embedded flight software maintained standards: |
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Standards that are not internal to WARG. Our internally standards always take precedence over this list unless explicitly stated. These standards include:
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BOM
This lists all of the components that constitute the configuration of a drone that we wish to fly at competition in May 2024. Some parts may be listed as “Optional” (🔍), in which case they will be they are not strictly necessary for flight but may be useful in improving system performance.
Here, “Quantity” refers to the number which is needed for a functional drone.
Airframe | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Propulsion | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Propellers | T-Motor | MF2211 | 4 Indiv 2 CW 2 CCW |
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Motors | T-Motor | Antigravity MN6007II | 4 Indiv | See Motor Selection Subpage | |||||||||||||||
ESC | Advanced Power Drives [APD] | 120F3[X]v2 | 4 |
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Power Distribution | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Batteries | Turnigy | Heavy Duty 5000mAh 6s 60C LiPo Pack w/XT90 Heavy Duty 6200mAh 6s 60C LiPo Pack w/XT90 | 4 | 5000mAh (current batteries) to be supported until competition cycle testing. 6200mAh batteries to be used for competition. | |||||||||||||||
PDB | Advanced Power Drives [APD] | PDB500[X] | 1 |
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Power Monitor | Holybro | Holybro PM02D High Voltage | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
BEC | Mateksys | BEC12s-Pro | 1-2 |
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Flight Control System | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Autopilot | Holybro | Pixhawk 5/6x + SD Card (logging) | 1 |
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GPS | Holybro | Holybro M9/10N GPS | 1 Prim 1 Sec |
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Unknown | Future RTK system |
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Rangefinder 🔍 | Benewake | TFMINI-S Micro LIDAR Module I2C | 1+ |
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Optical Flow Sensor (OFS) 🔍 | CubePilot | HereFlow | 1 |
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Compass 📉 | |||||||||||||||||||
Barometer 📉 | |||||||||||||||||||
Autonomy computer | NVIDIA Connect Tech | Jetson TX2i with Quasar carrier | 1 | Is not mounted on the drone. Alternatively: Any computer that supports real time image inference at the required rate. | |||||||||||||||
Raspberry Pi | Raspberry Pi Model 4b | 1 | Mounted on the drone. | ||||||||||||||||
Omnidirectional Lidar | Lightware | SF 45/B | |||||||||||||||||
RF + Peripherals (grouped because it’s small bits of things) | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Control Link | HappyModel | EP1 TCXO Dual | 1 | 1 ELRS Diversity RX Airside run in gemini mode. Gemini PCB as an option in case higher telemetry power is needed. | |||||||||||||||
WARG | ELRS Gemini | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Telemetry Link | 1 | 1 LTE Hat RFD900x made available as an option in case of LTE failures. Not intended to be mounted on the primary system. | |||||||||||||||||
Abra Electronics | LTE Hat | ||||||||||||||||||
RF Design | RFD900x | ||||||||||||||||||
Video Transmitter | FlyWoo | VTX-1G3 | 1 FlyWoo | ||||||||||||||||
Mateksys | VTX 1G3SE |
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Foxeer | 1.2G 5W (Enhanced) 4ch | ||||||||||||||||||
FPV Cameras | Caddx | Baby Ratel 2 | 2 or 3 | Number dep. on pilot pref. TBD | |||||||||||||||
OSD | Holybro | Holybro Micro OSD V2 | 1 |
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Video Mux | Lumenier | 3-Way Multi Camera Video Switcher Board | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Lighting 🔍 | - | - | NAVLights | ||||||||||||||||
- | - | Landing Lights | |||||||||||||||||
CV Camera | Hupuu | $200 CV Camera | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Groundside | |||||||||||||||||||
Part Function | Manufacturer | Part Name & Link | Qty | Notes | |||||||||||||||
Ground station computer | Lenovo | Thinkpad T490 | 1 | Alternatively: Any computer that can run Mission Planner. | |||||||||||||||
1.3G Video RX | FlyWoo | DRX-12A | 1 | Prefer this | |||||||||||||||
ReadyMade RC | 900-1.3 GHz Receiver w/Tuner | 1 | Available as a backup. | ||||||||||||||||
5.8G Video relay (TX) | AKK | TS832 5.8 GHz VTX | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
RC Control Link | WARG | ELRS Gemini | 1 | PREF GEMINI WHEN POSSIBLE | |||||||||||||||
RadioMaster | RadioMaster Ranger FCC | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
RC Control Link Relay | HappyModel | EP2 | 1 | see RF + Peripherals section later | |||||||||||||||
Telemetry Link | WARG | ELRS Gemini | 0 | Used with flow control RC + MAVLink simultaneously. RC Priority. Backup to LTE. | |||||||||||||||
RFDesign | RFD900x | 0 | Only used as a backup option. Not to be mounted regularly. | ||||||||||||||||
❓ | LTE Hotspot | 1 | No manufacturer | ||||||||||||||||
Telemetry Relay | Xbee | XBEE Pro 5.8 | 0 | Backup | |||||||||||||||
ELRS | ELRS Airport | 2 | Primary | ||||||||||||||||
FPV Goggles | - | Pilot Preference | |||||||||||||||||
RC Controller | RadioMaster | TX16s MkII ELRS Mode 2 HALL | 2 |
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Video Monitor | - | Generic 5.8 GHz Receiver | |||||||||||||||||
List of user manuals & references
We maintain an active list of PDF revisions of user manuals, datasheets, and spec reference parts in the event that an externally hosted server goes down or a manufacturer discontinues a part.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Anni still needs to do this! |
| Expand | ||||
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|
Pegasus Overview
Pegasus is a “heavy-lift” quadcopter designed to serve as a generic quad-rotor platform for AEAC 2024 (CONOPs linked in references) as well as future competitions. It features standard mounting grids across the entire frame, as well as modular landing gear and easy disassembly of all components for transport or repair.
Below is a summary of system characteristics which are expected of Pegasus:
Min | Recc/Avg | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|
Propeller Diameter (in) | 20 | 22 | 24 |
Battery Voltage (v) | 36 | - | 50.4 |
Takeoff Weight | 4.5 | < | 8 |
Thrust (kg) | ~16 | ||
Flight time (min) | 30 | TBD (40?) | |
Wind Lim. (kt) | < 20 | TBD (< 60) | |
Altitude (m) | < 120 | 200 | |
Horizontal Pos Accuracy (cm) | +/- 2 | +/-30 | +/- 200 |
Vertical Pos Accuracy (cm) | +/- 2 | +/- 15 | +/- 30 |
Usable Range (km) | 1 | 10 | inf w/LTE |
Airframe
...
Pegasus is an X-frame configuration and motor arms attached directly to a straight aluminum block. Here are some of the key notes:
30x30mm mounting grid for peripheral and accessory mounting
1.25mm thick mainplates
76.2mm distance between mainplates
422mm plate width (flat edge to flat edge)
1.19m distance motor to motor
1.80m tip-to-tip with props on
20mm high spacer for the autopilot
Top & Bottom Plates
Featuring 30x30mm pattern of holes on the majority of the surface with rounded square lightening holes, these plates provide torsional rigidity and protection for batteries within the drone. They are approximately 1.25mm thick, but the thickness across the sheets varies due to manufacturing imperfections. The plates were first made with custom carbon fiber flat layups, and were then cut out on the CNC router.
Center Block & Inner area
The center block is where all 4 arms connect, and how the arms remain rigid and centered on the drone frame. It consists or one aluminum square block in the middle with a large hole in the middle for wire routing and weight saving as well as 4 arm connector pieces. These bolt onto the center block using 4xM5 bolts and they have an OD that fits snugly in the ID of the carbon fiber arm tubes. The plates and standoffs are attached to the center block using M3 screws. It is designed for easy removal of the arms for transport, if necessary.
...
Interfacing
The center block and arms are designed to allow 3-phase motor wires to run through the arms and exit out the cube below the pixhawk or otherwise <drawings here would help>.
MT30’s are designed to fit within the cube and arms for quick-disconnect of the 3-phase leads. See connector standardization for more information.
Removing the arms
To remove the arms, the bolts on the top and bottom of the arm connectors need to be removed. After this, the arms can be slid off the arm connectors, the MT30 can be disconnected, and the arm is ready to be fully removed.
Arms & Landing gear
The arms mount to the airframe at the center block, and also through the spacers located at each corner of the frame. The landing gear mounts directly to the arms.
...
Payload attachment points
Two slots per arm have been left in the plate to accommodate payload mounting and any other necessary additions to the aircraft. The slots are designed to give sufficient clearance for members extruding downwards from the frame, and space to access any connectors on the top of the tubes to mount and dismount payloads.
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Cabin + Cargo
The initial plan for the Cabin and Cargo bay is a main skeleton of 10mm diameter carbon fiber tubes mounted to the 30mm x 30mm hole pattern on the bottom of the drone. Attached to this will be swappable “aero-panels” that can be iterated on according to simulations and the results of flight tests in order to optimize flight characteristics. We will have a passenger cabin portion at the front with 4 seats and a cargo bay in the back. Both will be accessible through doors of some kind and the passenger cabin will have windows.
Motor Mounting
Motors are mounted on 3d printed mounts with a 32mm M4 bolt circle pattern with 4 evenly spaced bolts. The motor mounts have an indent to relieve wire strain, and minimal material to save weight.
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Monster Mount (MM)
The plate section of the MM accommodates the $200 CV camera, FPV camera (down facing), OFS, and 1D lidar. The tube section is screwed onto the arm using M5 SHCS and a nut, and the plate which holds the actual sensors and camera is slid into the dove tail fit. A Cotter/Clevis pin is used to prevent the plate from sliding in-flight.
...
The cameras and lidar are screwed onto the plate while the OFS is clamped down.
...
Electrical Protection
Although not strictly airframe-related, avionics covers and cabin covers will be an integral part of the airframe design, and must be well-integrated. The end goal of the system is simple:
Protect electronics from the elements
Allow easy (tool-less or one-tool) access to the components, without restricting someone from working on or replacing components
Allow for appropriate cooling for the components
Typically, when airflow but water ingress is required, the use of S ducts and foam can be employed. Internal fans may also be used to provide airflow to prevent system overheating while on the ground.
Most components will run ~ 20-30 degrees hotter than ambient, and will thermal limit around 80 degrees celcius. This means that on an average “warm” day, our components have around 20-30 degrees of headroom. Think about how much hotter a cabin may cause components to be, especially if black carbon fiber and in the air (exposed, not under shade).
Propulsion
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| Panel | ||||||||
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Electrical, please insert a schematic & layout diagram with motors, connectors, esc’s with breaks to the rest of the HV distribution system |
Pegasus uses 4 T-Motor Antigravity MN6007II kv160 motors. These motors are designed to run on 12s voltage and are wired to APD 120F3[x] v2 ESCs. The ESC’s are significantly overspecced and are designed to allow for continuous operation in high ambient heat environments and minimal passive cooling, although this is not a recommended mode of operation.
Motors
There are multiple alternative motors which we may use, and these interface to the carbon-fiber arms using 3d printed parts. The motor specifications change a bit depending on the propeller that we’re using. Review the following charts:
| Expand | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
   |
From that data, we can synthesize the fol
Recommended/Target | Maximum | |
|---|---|---|
Takeoff Weight / Motor [kg] | 2 | 6* (depends on prop) |
Current Draw (hover) [A] | 3 | 25 |
Operating Temp | < 70 C | 90 C |
Interface
The motors mount to a 3d printed block which attaches to the ends of the arms. Multiple propeller mounting options are available!
3.5mm male bullet connectors will exist on the motor leads, and these will plug into 3.5mm female bullet connectors on 3-phase wires which run through the carbon fiber arms.
Propellers
The current propellers are T-Motor MF2211 props. These do not follow typical propeller naming convention. They are 22” in diameter, but 8” in pitch (not 11). The 11 at the end of the name refers to the maximum thrust which the prop may provide.
Propellers are mounted in an “X-IN” configuration. Refer to the ardupilot docs for more information: https://ardupilot.org/copter/docs/connect-escs-and-motors.html
Mounting
These propellers do not need a prop-washer to be mounted, the following infographic from the T-Motor website explains proper mounting solution:
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Vibration
With folding props, it is possible to have vibrations and harmonics. It is important to look at motor data from telemetry logs, as well as listen to pilot and operator feedback gained from visual and audio cues, especially if there is significant turbulent air or pressure differentials across the path of the propeller.
Balancing
Our props come balanced from T-motor, and may need to be balanced if they acquire nicks, scratches, chips, or other deformities. See <prop balancing link> for more information.
Safety & Storage
T-Motor Polymer folding props require particular storage and upkeep.
Please refer to <general prop storage> for storage information, and please refer to T-Motor instructions on tuning the friction of the joints to ensure safe operation.
Electronic Speed Controllers
For the most part, the choice of electronic speed controllers is fairly relaxed as there are many commercial and off-the-shelf hobby components that may do the job. Keep in mind when choosing your speed controllers the software, protocols, and current/volage ratings that it may have.
Interfacing
ESC’s will have 3.5mm female bullet connectors on 3-phase live side. This will attach to a short MT-30 extension, where the MT-30 on the block-side will be fe-male, while MT-30 on the arm-side will be male.
Our speed controllers often have through-hole solder pads and castellated pads. Refer to EE guidelines on how these should be soldered.
| Info |
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Telemetry and Signal wires should be soldered to the pdb. |
There exist solder pads in between the voltage pads for ground, signal, and telemetry on all APD esc’s and PDB’s. These should be used, with M1-4 connections on the PDB being taken to the pixhawk.
| Note |
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There are thru-holes on the ESC’s. These are not mounting holes. |
Heatsinks + Cases
Custom mounts will be provided for electrical components as deemed necessary. Heatsinks will be provided as deemed necessary.
Cases for electronics are 3D printed in black PETG with the exception of cameras or other sensors where white will provide better sensor performance. Cases will mount to the 30mm x 30mm pattern on the top plate of the drone unless other mounting locations are deemed more appropriate. The monster mount is an example of this and will be located out on an arm. Mounting requirements for individual sensors and the decision process for their design is found in https://uwarg-docs.atlassian.net/l/cp/Y0pwRtx6 .
Software Configuration
It is recommended to run the ESC’s using default firmware (BL_HELI, Bluejay, etc) at 48khz update loop. This offers the best blend of controllability and power efficiency.
Bidirectional dshot must be supported as this offers critical logging and flight performance data, as well as advanced filtering options for the autopilot. On Pegasus, it is recommended to run DShot 300, as 600 may introduce significant signal integrity issues, and DShot 150 may be too slow for accurate bidirectional data transfer.
Telemetry wires shall be connected to a uart port, in the case of a bidirectional dshot failure. This is significantly slower than bidirectional dshot but offers us a failsafe and backup.
Connectors
Anti-spark XT90s need to be used for our battery connections. Anti-Spark Connector Standards
Power Distribution
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On Pegasus, “power distribution” refers to all elements that affect and interact with power before it is distributed to individual components. Typically, this includes:
Power distribution boards for ESC voltage
12v and 5v LV supply for peripherals
Power monitoring & Power backups for the flight control system
All power on pegasus runs to a common source (the PDB), with the exception of the pixhawk system power delivery which will be provided by the power monitor + BEC backup.
Battery Voltage
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EE to fill in with more information |
Battery voltage is around 50 volts for pegasus. All high voltage systems follow <EE to insert spec here>.
Interfacing
There exists 30x30mm mounting holes on the PDB. These may be used directly on the 30x30mm mounting holes on the drone. Electrical isolation must be provided between the contacts of the PDB and the carbon fiber, as voltage may arc across the carbon fiber starting (at worst) fires.
<photo>
A case shall be provided for the PDB that covers the terminals, but leaves sections exposed such that it is possible to attach wires to the LV and motor busses.
<EE to attach photo>
XT90’s will be used between battery and PDB
XT60’s will be used between PDB and ESC
Batteries & Harnessing
Pegasus officially supports 4, and 6 battery configurations. Physically 8 batteries will fit with a light enough payload.
These batteries are cross-connected from each other, meaning that the only difference between a 4 and 6 battery connection is the NC of one pair. These should be labelled or colour coded
Below shows the two different battery configurations we can fly. Pairs of 6S battery cells are connected in series and terminated with an XT90. The harnesses below show how the batteries are attached and how removing harness 3 and the cells with it bring the drone into its 4 cell configuration.
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XT90 standard across the board, but the maximum peak current draw from all 4 motors is anticipated to be around 90Amps. Any individual motor will not draw more than 23 amps at a time, not including the path.
Errata
Low Voltage
< Insert schematic here >
Low voltage systems on Pegasus run at either 5 or 12v. Below are the voltage and current draws of each (potential) Noteworthy peripheral. Please refer to individual documentation for more information
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EE to double check and verify my inane rambilngs |
Raspberry Pi + LTE: 12V 2A
Pixhawk: 5V 3A
800mW vtx: 12V 1A
Gemini: ???
I may be missing multiple items. EE leads please double check from prev. years and compare
Power Monitoring
We use powering monitoring from a Holybro PM02D HV module. This uses I2C to communicate with our autopilot, meaning that we don’t need to do analog voltage or current calibration.
This is used in isolation, with no backup. There is only 1.5A continuous draw available ee leads fact check me, and this power monitor will continue to update current and voltage measurements even after LDO failure.
LDO failure should be mitigated by providing the pixhawk with a BEC that is capable of up to 5A continuous draw. fact check me 5 or 3a.
Pixhawk Errata
Note that the pixhawk telemetry ports only support 0.5A current; with the exception being “Telem1” which supports up to 1.5A.
The pixhawk also supports two concurrent power monitors. We are using 1 power monitor and 1 BEC with NC’s on the remaining pins for better redundancy under thermal limit.
DShot is only available on FMU out as of 4.4.0, but will be available (tentatively), on certain I/O FMU Outputs in the future.
Flight Control System
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Pegasus will operate using an ardupilot software stack. As of Fall 2023 Pegasus runs software revision 4.4.0, as this brings necessary changes for digital power monitoring and bidirectional dshot.
Software Configuration
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Anni to fill this out (this is less relevant ATM) |
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You should always do a ground spinup before you fly, no matter how confident you are of the system. |
The airside compute system will consist of a pixhawk 5x or pixhawk 6x, augmented by an auxiliary compute unit handling LTE telemetry and video transfer.
This auxilliary compute unit will be a Raspberry Pi 4.
Bidirectional DShot will be used on the 6x. Functionality may not be available on the 5x due to the different MCU’s (H7 vs F7).
Wiring & Outputs
| Note |
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FMU outputs must be used for DSHOT motors. |
We will follow the ardupilot “quad-X” configuration for Pegasus:
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Lift motor wires must be plugged into FMU output, with each output number corresponding with the motor number as shown in the configuration.
Relays may be used on FMU or I/O pins. Refer to ICARUS documentation tentatively.
All PWM outputs will be attached to the I/O pins.
USB
Usb port will be connected to the RPI for LTE Telemetry
Telem 1,2,3
Telem1 will be reserved for the RFD900x (should it be needed)
Telem1 is the only port that is rated for 1.5A
Telem2 will be connected to the Lightware SF45B
Telem3 will be connected to ELRS Diversity RX / Gemini RX (EP1 TCXO Dual)
GPS 1, 2
GPS1 - GPS1 (front)
GPS2 - GPS2 (back)
I2C
I2C will be sent to the rangefinder (downwards facing)
CAN1, 2
CAN1 will be connected to the OFS
CAN2 will be reserved for CAN interface boards (should they be required)
Serial/UART 4
Reserved for further comms w/the rpi if necessary
Power 1, 2
Power1 will be connected to the Holybro PM02D
Power2 will be connected to a BEC
Sensors
Please refer to each sensors page under our operating manuals space in sysint.
Pegasus will use the following external sensors:
Two M9 or M10 sensors, using GPS blending for position; or 2 RTK sensors being blended.
one of these will be the “primary” gps, and must have an accessible safety switch.
1 Optical flow sensor, facing downwards and aligned with the drone
1 Lidar rangefinder, facing downwards
1 Omnidirectional rangefinder, mounted on-top of the drone.
Anni to make mounting requirements pages for all of these (see sysint space most likely).
GPS Sensors
The two GPS sensors will be placed inline with the roll axis of the drone, on posts to elevate them away from the rest of the wiring. One GPS will be facing forwards, while the other GPS will be facing backwards (in order to improve wire lengths). This GPS will be calibrated as “YAW180” within software.
Optical Flow Sensors
A single hereflow optical flow sensor will be mounted on the monster mount.
Lidar Rangefinder
A single lidar rangefinder will be mounted below the drone, facing downwards.
If deemed necessary through testing, a second lidar rangefinder may be mounted on top of the drone, facing upwards augmenting the omnidirectional lidar
Omnidirectional rangefinder
A lightware SF45/B provides obstacle avoidance through ardupilots in-built obstacle avoidance system. This rangefinder is not weather sealed. See documentation on choosing a lidar for more information on the final decision: Decision: Type of Rangefinder for Obstacle Detection - SysInt - WARG (atlassian.net)
A word about calibration
It is not necessary to re-calibrate the compass every time you fly, but it is strongly recommended to do so if you have moved more than 40km from your original location as you may have different magnetic interference.
Accelerometer calibration does not need to be done more than the first time you did setup, or if there is significant concern about the health of the system.
Autonomous operations
The drone has 3 scopes:
Cruise: Multiple waypoints in the entire flight boundary
Search: Landing pads around a single waypoint
Landing: Single landing pad
Autonomous operations use MAVLink to communicate with the flight controller.
Autonomy airside
Autonomy airside is at the search and landing scope, around a single waypoint, and is responsible for guiding the drone from the final waypoint to landing. Control is handled by the airside system running on the Jetson.
Ground station
Ground station is at the cruise scope, for multiple waypoints, and is responsible for guiding the drone along the most efficient waypoint to waypoint path. Control is handled by the pathing system and Mission Planner running on the ground station computer.
RF + Peripherals
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There are a number of external devices on the drone. Autonomy is largely responsible for additional compute, while Electrical is largely responsible for RF
Frequency Distribution
Pegasus will support 2.4+900+433 interchangeable control links, as well as LTE+piggybacked telemetry, and dedicated 2.4 or 900 telemetry systems. 1.3 and 5.8 video systems shall be supported. The primary distribution:
900mhz RFD900x or ELRS Airport - Backup telemetry. Not mounted typically but possible addition in case of poor LTE coverage.
2.4 ghz ELRS Gemini control link - Primary control link, carrying MAVLink info air->ground as well as typical control link ground->air
1.3 ghz video link - Primary pilot video link
LTE Telemetry + Video streaming - Primary telemetry link, primary computer vision video link.
Antenna Choice
2.4ghz antennas will be regular dipoles, potentially folded dipoles. Refer to https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1G2Ue9xrBFwbJbkzpw3Gx3-eZ3x3dWSVjVrP4fPepvcg/edit#gid=0 for the best selection.
1.3ghz antennas will be circularly polarized antennas provided by TrueRC. Airside antennas will be Singularity 1280’s. Information regarding this antenna can be found in Singularity 1280 V2 .
900 MHz antennas tbd
433 MHz antennas tbd.
Antenna Placement
< EE TO ENTER MORE INFORMATION ABOUT RF STUFF >
Control Link
The airside control link will be an ELRS Diversity (true diversity) receiver wired into a telemetry port on the autopilot. This receiver will be flashed with gemini firmware, and paired with WARG’s gemini transmitters on the groundside.
The groundside control link will involve a TX16 paired with a small EP1 or EP2 receiver, which will be wired directly to the gemini transmitter. The EP2 receiver baud rate will be modified to match the gemini spec?
Telemetry Link
Telemetry will be provided through LTE, with ELRS gemini allowing MAVLink packets to be piggy-backed in between regular RC link packets. This gives us a second redundant option in case the LTE system loses power or is otherwise unusable, at least temporarily and for long enough to recover the drone.
There are no current plans to forrward MAVLink out from the TX16 - yappu scripts may be run in order to assert basic RTL functionality in the event of a lost LTE link.
Video System
There will be at least 1 forward facing and 1 downward facing camera. There may be a third camera installed at the pilots discretion.
The entire pilot video system uses Analog video, including:
2 Caddx baby Ratel 2 cameras (or cameras of similar size)
1 PWM-based video mux
1 OSD using ardupilot telemetry
1 1.3ghz video transmitter.
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Electrical team to insert schematic of Video transmission system including:
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The LTE system will also re-transmit video. Jump to “Autonomy Video System” for more information |
FPV/Pilot Cameras
One FPV camera shall be mounted pointing downwards, with no obstructions from landing gear or payload systems, allowing the pilot to view the landing zone and safely guide the drone to the ground. The orientation of the downward camera shall be as if a typical camera were pointed forwards, and then rotated 90 degrees to face downwards. The angle of this camera should tied to the angle of the drone.
A different FPV camera shall be mounted pointing forwards, with +/- 20 degrees of adjustment from being level while the drone is in forward flight. This adjustment allows the pilot to fine-tune the field of view for their flying style. For design purposes, level flight will put the drone at around 30-45 degrees pitch. There should be no obstructions in the field of view of this camera, with the exception of propellers which may be in the field of view provided they do not obstruct vision such that the pilot can not see past them.
Wiring from the FPV/Pilot cameras is a pure analog signal, and should be shielded and kept away from sources of high EMI as much as possible.
Video Mux
Connectors will not be used directly on the video mux, and all input/outputs should be soldered with pigtails or extension leads, with locking connectors. This is done since connectors are easy to bump and come loose, especially when non locking.
The video mux & the OSD may share a case.
OSD
Similar to the video mux, only locking connectors or soldered pigtails shall be used on the OSD. OSD & VMUX may share a case.
Video Transmitter
The video transmitter will generate a lot of heat, but comes with a heat sink. The video transmitter will also mount to a standard 30x30 pattern (fpv standard).
| Info |
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although it may be possible to test using open-air, highly recommend having a solution that allows for airflow through a series of ducting/gating/filtering that will help to reduce water ingest |
Autonomy Video System
Per a discussion in the 2023-10-03 AEAC Sync, the Jetson will not be mounted airside. Digital video will be transmitted via LTE from the Raspberry Pi on the drone to the autonomy computer on the ground.
The CV camera will be connected to the Raspberry Pi to provide digital video.
It is possible to use other digital video transmission systems should the LTE system latency (~ 100ms) be too high. See Digital Video Transmission Systems - SysInt - WARG (atlassian.net) for more info.
Ground Systems
Our ground systems will consist of 2 primary tracking towers (Control + Video links), and one potential backup tower for Telemetry link.
All tracking antennas will consist of the same control scheme, using an arduino, neo m.8 gps, and bmx160 IMU. They will receive forwarded communication from the ground station computer, and will operate autonomously.
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Control Link
Control will feature a small relay to allow for a fully wireless tracking antenna. Wireless SBUS trainer will be provided to the groundside TX16s, meaning that there are the following links:
TX16 (secondary) → EP2 (inside controller primary)
TX16 (primary) EP2 -(wired)-> Serial port 1
TX16(primary) → EP2 (tracking antenna)
EP2 (tracking antenna) -(wired)-> Gemini (tracking antenna)
Gemini → Diversity RX (airside)
Diversity RX -(wired)-> Autopilot
Gemini
The Gemini is supplied with 5V power from the tracking antenna PCB. The Gemini antennas that will transmit to the drone are clipped directly onto the two red TX modules on the PCB. It is directly wired to the TX16 controller to receive the command data over UART.
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Do not power the Gemini PCB without the Gemini antennas connected to the TX modules. Doing so can result in the TX modules becoming damaged. |
The Gemini board draws an absolute maximum of 2.26A. During typical operation with both transmitters working it should draw somewhere around 1.2A ~ 1.5A.
A wiring diagram of the Gemini board in standard operation is shown below.
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An RGB LED on the PCB display’s the Gemini’s current status. The different statuses are described in the following table (taken from ELRS Wiki).
LED Indication | Status |
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Rainbow fade effect | Starting up |
Green heartbeat | Web update mode enabled |
Blue heartbeat | Bluetooth joystick enabled |
Red flashing on/off every 100ms | Radio chip not detected |
Orange flash every second | No handset connection |
Solid single colour | Connected to receiver, colour indicates packet rate |
Fading single colour | No connection to receiver, colour indicates packet rate |
The Gemini PCB runs ExpressLRS code from the ELRS GitHub. Updating the code to a different version can be done over WiFi or USB. For details, see ELRS Gemini TX - Programming the Gemini TX.
Video Link
Video will be run on 1.3. A diversity (!!!) video receiver will be connected to an omnidirectional antenna as well as a patch antenna. The output will be wired to a 5.8GHz video transmitter, which will re-broadcast the analog video signal to further groundside devices (goggles, displays, etc).
Open Questions
PIKACHU OBLIGATORY PIKACHU
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ok thank you for listening
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