Empennage Design
- Smile Khatri
- Thushanth Parameswaran
Big Project | Project | Project Manager |
|---|---|---|
2024 Fixed Wing | Empennage/tail | @Smile Khatri |
Task Description
This task will involve R&D and design of the empennage. I.e. choosing airfoil shapes, and dimensioning control surfaces (elevator and rudder) to ensure successful control.
Constraints
Constraints | Written By | Append Date |
|---|---|---|
Start off with a T-tail design | @Smile Khatri |
|
Assume it will mount to a round tube (dimension not finalized but use parametric modelling) | @Smile Khatri |
|
Assignees
Assignee | Asana Task | Date |
|---|---|---|
@Agapa Goombs @Thushanth Parameswaran | link to asana task assigned | Date assigned |
Task Progression/Updates
Author: @Thushanth Parameswaran updating Date: 2024/07/03
Background Information
The empennage is the plane's Tail section composed of Horizontal and Vertical stabilizers, It also has a control surface to control the Yaw(Rudder) and Pitch(Elevator). There are various types of Epenage but to keep things simple, we have decided to go with the traditional empennage below. In the future, we will explore more empennage designs.
Horizontal Stabilizer
We can imagine it as an upside-down wing. It aims to create a downforce similar to a wing on an F1 car. You might wonder why we need downforce. It is simple. As you see in the first image there 2 forces, lift force created by the wing which acts at the Center of lift and the weight of the aircraft which acts at center mass. Let's do some calculations. We first begin by giving an arbitrary value for the distance between CL and CG to be 1 m. We will also say that lift force is +1000N and weight is -1000N therefore net force is zero. Moment = F x Distance. Let’s calculate the moment at CL which is 1000N x 1m = 1000Nm Counter-clockwise. The Net Moment is not zero resulting in aircraft pitching down.
Author: @Thushanth Parameswaran updating Date: 2024/07/17
Background continued…
Vertical Stabilizer
The vertical stabilizer is basically a wing but vertical ( normally symmetrical airfoil unlike a wing of a plane). Vertical stabilizer has a rudder which is responsible for creating Yaw which is movement around vertical axis as seen in the image below.
Lets see how Yaw is created. Before continue to read please refer to the airfoil section to understand how and why airfoil produce lift. The image below gives you a brief run-through of how yaw in created.
That is the background info on what empennage is and how it works.
Author: @Thushanth Parameswaran updating Date: 2024/07/21
Source: https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/HOOU/AircraftDesign_9_EmpennageGeneralDesign.pdf
General Design Rules
The lever arm of the empennage should be as large as possible. (Lever arm is the distance between the aerodynamic center of the wing and the horizontal stabilizer). This will reduce the size of the empennage, saving weight.
The aspect ratio of the horizontal stabilizer should be about half the aspect ratio of the
wing.Horizontal Stabilizer is fixed, an incidence angle of around 2° to 3° downwards
should be chosen to create a negative lift. (assuming we are using asymmetrical airfoil)Symmetrical airfoils are exclusively selected for vertical Stabilizer. (NACA 0009 might be a good start)
Horizontal stabilizers can be either symmetrical or slightly cambered to produce negative lift.
Design by Calculation
https://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/Aero/AERO_PUB_INCAS_TailVolume_Vol13No3_2021.pdf
Using the tail volume coefficient, we can estimate the horizontal and vertical stabilizer sizes.
https://www.reddit.com/r/RCPlanes/comments/1az1gjn/tail_volume_coefficient/#lightbox
A Reddit gave what tail coefficient to use. It said .672 for CH and 0.0657 for CH. Based on this value
Airfoil is NACA 0009 for both Horizontal and Vertical.